![]() ![]() The injury can be severe and rapidly lead to acute liver failure (acute sinusoidal obstruction syndrome), but more commonly presents insidiously with weight gain, ascites, weakness, and minimal serum aminotransferase elevations (subacute or chronic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome). Immunoallergic and autoimmune features are usually not present. Serum aminotransferase levels are usually only mildly elevated with a hepatocellular pattern of injury, although they may be markedly increased if tested during the early phases of the injury. The injury usually arises within 1 to 2 months of starting the comfrey product (either extract in tablet form or large amounts of comfrey tea) with onset of right upper quadrant pain, nausea and weight gain (from fluid retention) followed by jaundice. Several cases of acute liver injury resembling sinusoidal obstruction syndrome ( SOS) due to oral comfrey have been published. Human studies have shown that comfrey creams have mild analgesic effects and decreases muscle and joint pain. Oral comfrey has been banned or restricted in most countries, but topical forms (ointments, creams and liniments) are available and advertised as useful for wound healing sprains and bone fractures. Comfrey products are marketed as herbal teas, root powders and as capsules. Comfrey has been shown to cause similar liver injury in laboratory animals and has also been linked to liver cancer. However, comfrey also contains several pyrrolizidine alkaloids (symphytine, echimidine, symglandine and lycopsamine) which are toxic and capable of causing sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (previously called veno-occlusive disease) and severe liver injury. Leaf and root extracts have many constituents including allantoin, rosmarinic acid, triterpene saponins, silicic acid, and tannins, believed to be the basis for its antiinflammatory and wound healing activity. Page: 205.Common comfrey (Symphytum officinale) is a perennial herb belonging to the family Borganinaceae which is native to Europe and Asia, but is now found worldwide. Planter og tradisjon: floraen i levende tale og tradisjon i Norge 1925-1973. rohtoraunioyrtti in Finnish rohtoraunioyrtti in Swedish Bibliographic References common comfrey in English common comfrey in English consolda maggiore in Italian consolda-maior in Portuguese consoude officinale in French consoude officinale in French consound in English consuelda in Spanish consuelda mayor in Spanish echter Beinwell in German gemeiner Beinwell in German gewone smeerwortel in Dutch gewöhnlicher Beinwell in German grande consoude in French healingherb in English knitbone in English okopnik lekarstvennyi in language. boneset in English comfrey in English common comfrey in English common comfrey in language. Common names Arznei-Beinwell in German Beinwell in German Boneset in English Comfrey in English Common Comfrey in English Common comfrey in English Common comfrey in English Common comfrey in English Consound in English Gewöhnlicher Beinwell in German Gewöhnlicher Beinwell in German Gewöhnlicher Beinwell in German Healingherb in English Keihäsnielukukka in Finnish Ketosilmäruoho in Finnish Kjertelaugnetrøst in Norwegian Knitbone in English Læge-kulsukker in Danish Læge-kulsukker in Danish Slippery-Root in English Spids Øjentrøst in Danish Spjutsporre in Swedish Spydbladet Torskemund in Danish Spydtorskemunn in Norwegian Späd ögontröst in Swedish Uddögontröst in Swedish boneset in language. albiflorum Fuckel Symphytum officinale var. ![]() Symphytum elatum Tausch Symphytum majus Bubani Symphytum microcalyx Opiz Symphytum molle Janka Symphytum officinale f. Symphytum coccineum Bosse Symphytum commune Faegri Symphytum consolida Gueldenst. Symphytum almagroi Pau Symphytum ambiguum Pau Symphytum besseri Zaver. Name Synonyms Consolida major Garsault Consolida major Gilib. ![]()
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